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Sand is not enough 19 January 2006 Edition
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The silicon chips that are at the heart of virtually every hi-tech device or appliance are built largely from sand -- so it's unlikely that we'll ever run out of the raw materials for such things, or will we?

There's lots of talk about the looming oil crisis but it would appear that a lack of oil will be the least of our problems if some predictions are correct.

It seems that quite a few seemingly every-day materials (metals in particular) may well be in short supply fairly soon - and that could spell major problems for hi-tech industries and our modern lifestyles.

Take copper for example...

It's a soft, ductile, malleable reddish metal which is very important because it is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. For these reasons it's used almost everywhere you find electricity being put to work.

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Wires, printed circuit boards, electric motors, switches -- you name it and if it's something to do with electricity or electronics then it's going to have some amount of copper in it.

Over the years, attempts have been made to replace copper with other fairly good conductors, such as aluminium. Indeed, one infamous auto-electrical manufacturer decided it would be a great idea to wind their alternators with aluminium wire instead of copper. Virtually every single one of those units failed in a relatively short period of time. They're using copper again now.

Of course there are alternatives to copper: gold, platinum, silver etc - but do you notice something? Yes, they're all a whole lot more expensive and not without problems of their own (lack of strength being one).

Another problem is that we're also facing a shortage of these other miracle-metals of the 20th century. The price of platinum has gone through the roof in recent times and despite gold's high price, it's cheap compared to platinum.

What surprises me however, is just how cheap silver (currently) is. Whereas gold is currently selling for around US$550 per ounce and platinum for an astonishing US$1020, good old silver (an excellent conductor of heat and electricity) can be had for less than $9.

However, if you're really looking for an expensive metal that might get even more-so, what about a bit of rhodium? You'll need around US$3,200 to pick up an ounce of this stuff right now.

But back to the problem -- what happens once we've solved the oil crisis, perhaps with solar power (silicon is *cheap-as*) but find ourselves hog-tied for lack of key raw materials such as copper etc?

Unless there are plans to extend the periodic table of elements, we're not going to be able to cook up cheap alternatives for these metals as easily as we can switch to biodiesel or hydrogen on the energy front.

Given the amount of copper and other (soon to be) precious metals that are thrown away every day, investing in rubbish-tip sites might be a good option. I can see the day when we start mining old dumps for the masses of essential materials they'll be hiding.

So, even though we've got plenty of sand on the beach from which to make our increasingly powerful processors, RAM and other chips, we may find it increasingly expensive to wire the damned things up as the 21st century rolls on.

Should we be putting more effort into recycling those raw materials that are predicted to be in short supply within a few years?

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